Short answer: Michigan's child restraint statute, MCL § 257.710d, was significantly updated by Public Act 21 of 2024, effective April 2, 2025. The amended law requires children to ride rear-facing until age 2 or until they reach the seat manufacturer's rear-facing height or weight limit; then in a forward-facing seat with an internal harness until age 5 or the seat's harness limit; then in a belt-positioning booster seat until they are 8 years old or 4 feet 9 inches tall. Children under 13 must ride in the back seat when one is available. Best-practice guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics goes further than the statute, recommending children remain rear-facing as long as they fit within the rear-facing limits of their seat — typically into ages 3 or 4 with modern convertible seats. This guide explains the current statute, best-practice standards, what happens if a child is injured in a crash, and how a properly installed car seat protects both your child and your legal case.
Last updated 2026-06-11 by Ali H. Koussan, Founding Attorney at Koussan Law. This article is for Michigan parents and caregivers. We are personal injury attorneys, not pediatricians or certified car-seat technicians. For installation guidance specific to your seat and vehicle, we recommend a free check by a certified Child Passenger Safety Technician (CPST).
The Michigan Child Restraint Statute After PA 21 of 2024
Michigan's primary child restraint law is codified at Michigan Compiled Laws § 257.710d. Public Act 21 of 2024, signed into law in 2024 and effective April 2, 2025, materially strengthened the statute. The amended law requires:
- Rear-facing until 2. A child must ride in a rear-facing car seat until the child either reaches the rear-facing height or weight limit set by the seat manufacturer or turns 2 years old. This is a new mandate. Before PA 21 of 2024, Michigan law did not specify a rear-facing age requirement.
- Forward-facing harness until 5. A child who has completed the rear-facing stage must ride in a forward-facing child safety seat with an internal harness until the child either reaches the seat's height or weight limit or turns 5 years old.
- Booster until 8 or 4 feet 9 inches. A child who has completed the forward-facing harness stage must use a belt-positioning booster seat secured with a lap-shoulder belt until the child reaches 4 feet 9 inches in height or turns 8 years old.
- Back seat until 13. A child in a child restraint must be positioned in the rear seat when the vehicle has one; if all available rear seats are occupied by children, a child may ride in front, and a rear-facing seat may be placed in the front seat only if the front passenger airbag is deactivated. A child who has completed the booster stage but is under 13 must be buckled with a properly adjusted seat belt, in the rear seat when one is available. Passengers aged 13 to 15 are covered by the general safety belt requirement of MCL § 257.710e.
The statute is a primary enforcement law. A Michigan police officer may stop and ticket a driver solely for a child restraint violation. A violation is a civil infraction with a fine and court costs, typically under $100, and no points are assessed against the driver's record under MCL § 257.710d(8) — but the law's significance is far larger than the penalty: failure to properly restrain a child has substantial legal consequences if the child is later injured in a crash.
Rear-Facing Requirements: New Under PA 21 of 2024
Before PA 21 of 2024, Michigan's car seat statute did not specify a rear-facing age, relying on general restraint language. The amended law eliminates the ambiguity: a child must ride rear-facing until reaching the seat's rear-facing height or weight limit or turning 2. This brings Michigan in line with most other states and reflects the medical consensus that has existed for over a decade.
The physics behind the rear-facing requirement is straightforward. In a frontal collision (the most common serious crash type), a rear-facing seat cradles the child's head, neck, and spine across the entire seat shell, distributing crash forces over a large area. A forward-facing child's head whips forward on a still-developing neck and spinal column, dramatically increasing the risk of cervical spine injury and traumatic brain injury.
The data is overwhelming. NHTSA research shows that rear-facing children under age 2 are five times less likely to suffer serious injury in a crash compared to forward-facing children of the same age. Pediatric studies in the journal Pediatrics have documented the same effect.
The American Academy of Pediatrics' best-practice recommendation goes further than the new Michigan law: keep children rear-facing as long as they fit within the rear-facing height and weight limits of their seat. With modern convertible car seats, those limits often extend through ages 3 or 4. Both the statute (until 2 or the seat limit) and the AAP best practice (until outgrowing the seat) point the same direction — the longer rear-facing, the safer.
Booster Seat Requirements
The booster seat phase is where most Michigan parents and caregivers make mistakes. Under the amended statute, a booster seat is required from the time a child completes the forward-facing harness stage (at the seat's harness limit or age 5) until the child reaches 4 feet 9 inches or turns 8 — and as a practical safety matter, until the child fits properly in an adult seat belt.
"Fits properly" is a specific clinical standard, not a height alone. To safely use an adult seat belt without a booster, the child should pass the 5-step test:
- The child sits all the way back against the vehicle seat with feet flat on the floor.
- The child's knees bend naturally at the edge of the seat.
- The lap belt sits low across the upper thighs, not the soft abdomen.
- The shoulder belt crosses the middle of the chest and shoulder, not the neck or face.
- The child can maintain the position for the entire ride without slouching or shifting the belt under the arm or behind the back.
Most children do not pass the 5-step test until they are between 10 and 12 years old, even though Michigan law allows transition to a seat belt at age 8 or 4 feet 9 inches. The gap between legal compliance and clinical safety is real and significant.
Federal Standards: FMVSS 213 and Why Seat Certification Matters
Every car seat sold legally in the United States must meet Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 213 (FMVSS 213), which sets minimum performance requirements for child restraint systems in passenger vehicles. The standard covers harness strength, energy absorption, structural integrity in crash testing, labeling, and installation instructions.
A seat certified to FMVSS 213 carries a federal certification label and meets baseline safety. But baseline is not the highest tier. Independent testing organizations including Consumer Reports and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rate seats above federal minimums on ease of installation, fit-to-vehicle compatibility, side-impact performance, and harness adjustment usability. The best decision is to choose a seat that meets federal certification and rates well in independent tests for your specific vehicle.
Common Michigan Car Seat Myths
Myth: My child is tall for their age, so they can skip the booster.
Height alone does not determine fit. A tall 6-year-old still has a developing skeletal structure that cannot absorb adult seat belt loads safely. Skeletal maturity, not just height, is the underlying safety variable. The 5-step test exists because height is a poor proxy for fit.
Myth: After-market seat-belt adjusters or "positioner" devices are equivalent to a booster.
They are not. Most after-market positioners have never been crash-tested with the specific vehicle seat-belt system and may actually increase the risk of submarining (the lap belt riding up onto the abdomen during a crash). Use only manufacturer-supplied accessories with your booster.
Myth: Used car seats are fine if they look okay.
Used car seats from family or friends carry significant risk. A seat that has been in a moderate or severe crash should be retired even if no damage is visible. A seat past its expiration date (typically 6–10 years from the date of manufacture, printed on the seat) should not be used. Recall history may not be apparent without checking the model number against the NHTSA recall database.
Myth: It's safer to hold a baby on my lap on a short trip.
This is dangerous. A 20-pound infant in a 30-mph crash exerts roughly 600 pounds of force. No adult can hold that force, and the child becomes a projectile inside the vehicle.
What Happens If a Child Is Injured in a Crash Without a Proper Restraint?
This is where Michigan child restraint law intersects with our personal injury practice.
If your child is injured in a Michigan car accident, your no-fault PIP benefits cover medical expenses regardless of fault. PIP coverage is governed by MCL § 500.3105 and is a no-fault benefit that does not require a determination of who caused the crash. PIP pays first, regardless of whether your child was properly restrained.
The second layer — a third-party liability claim against the at-fault driver for pain, suffering, and economic damages beyond PIP — is governed by Michigan's no-fault threshold under MCL § 500.3135. A child's injury must meet the "serious impairment of body function" threshold to support a third-party claim. Serious orthopedic injuries, traumatic brain injuries, and spinal injuries typically qualify.
The complication: if the child was not properly restrained at the time of the crash, the at-fault driver's insurer will argue comparative fault under MCL § 500.3135(2)(b) and may attempt to reduce the recovery. Some Michigan courts have ruled that the failure to use a child restraint is not, by itself, evidence of comparative fault in a child's injury claim — but the issue varies by judge and county. The practical impact: a properly restrained child has a clean, unambiguous case. An improperly restrained child has the same injury and the same medical bills but a more complicated path to full recovery.
The same principle applies to wrongful death cases involving child passengers, governed by MCL § 600.2922. A properly installed and used car seat is both a safety device and a clean evidentiary record.
The Five-Minute Install Check
Roughly 75 percent of car seats nationwide are installed incorrectly, according to NHTSA. The most common errors:
- Loose installation. The seat should not move more than one inch side-to-side or front-to-back at the belt path.
- Wrong recline angle. Rear-facing seats need a specific recline angle to keep an infant's airway open. Most seats have a built-in level indicator.
- Loose harness. The "pinch test" — try to pinch the harness webbing at the shoulder. If you can pinch a fold of webbing between your fingers, the harness is too loose.
- Wrong chest clip height. The chest clip should sit at armpit level, not on the abdomen.
- Mixing LATCH and seat belt. Use one or the other to install the seat, not both. Manufacturers' instructions specify which to use.
Michigan offers free car seat installation checks through the Office of Highway Safety Planning and certified Child Passenger Safety Technicians (CPSTs) at participating fire departments, hospitals, and county health departments.
Frequently Asked Questions About Michigan Car Seat Law
When did Michigan's new car seat law take effect?
April 2, 2025. Public Act 21 of 2024 amended MCL § 257.710d to add the rear-facing-until-2 requirement, the forward-facing-harness-until-5 stage, the booster requirement until age 8 or 4 feet 9 inches, and the back-seat requirement for children under 13. Crashes and citations occurring on or after that date are governed by the amended statute.
Is rear-facing required by law in Michigan?
Yes, until age 2 or the seat's limit. Michigan's car seat statute, as amended by Public Act 21 of 2024, requires a child to ride in a rear-facing car seat until the child reaches the manufacturer's rear-facing height or weight limit or turns 2 years old. Before PA 21 of 2024, Michigan law did not specify a rear-facing age. The current mandate brings Michigan in line with most other states and with longstanding pediatric guidance. Best-practice guidance from the American Academy of Pediatrics is even more protective: keep children rear-facing as long as they fit within the seat's height and weight limits, often through ages 3 or 4 with modern convertible seats.
When can my child stop using a booster seat in Michigan?
Michigan law allows transition out of a booster seat when the child is 8 years old or 4 feet 9 inches tall. Best practice, however, is to keep the child in a booster until they pass the 5-step seat-belt fit test, which most children do not pass until ages 10–12.
What is the penalty for violating Michigan's child restraint law?
A violation is a civil infraction punishable by a fine plus court costs, usually under $100, with no points assessed against the driver's record under MCL § 257.710d(8). The financial penalty is small; the consequences in a crash are not.
Can my child ride in the front seat in Michigan?
Generally not until age 13 when a back seat is available. Michigan's amended statute requires children in child restraints — and children under 13 riding on a seat belt — to be positioned in the rear seat when the vehicle has one. If all available rear seats are occupied by other children, a child may ride in the front seat, and a rear-facing car seat may be placed in the front seat only if the front passenger airbag is deactivated. Front-seat airbags are calibrated for adults and can cause severe injury to a smaller child even in a relatively minor frontal impact.
Does Michigan law cover ride-share (Uber/Lyft) and taxi rides?
Michigan's child restraint statute exempts taxicabs, buses, and certain other vehicles under MCL § 257.710d(6), but the safety logic does not change with the vehicle type — and ride-share vehicles operating as ordinary passenger cars are generally subject to the standard requirements. Parents transporting children in a ride-share are responsible for providing an appropriate child restraint, even though the driver is not required to provide one. Bring your own car seat.
Are there exceptions for school buses?
Yes. Michigan's statute exempts school buses and certain commercial vehicles. The exemption reflects the federal "compartmentalization" safety standard used in school bus design, not an indifference to safety. Children riding to school in a private vehicle (parent carpools) are subject to the standard requirements.
What if I'm a grandparent or babysitter, not the parent?
The driver is responsible. MCL § 257.710d places the duty on "each driver transporting a child" — anyone transporting a child in Michigan must comply with the child restraint law, regardless of relationship to the child.
What happens to my car seat after a crash?
NHTSA recommends replacing any car seat involved in a moderate or severe crash. For minor crashes, NHTSA has a specific definition: the vehicle was drivable from the scene, no airbags deployed, no visible damage to the seat, no injury to any occupant, and the door nearest the seat was undamaged. If all five conditions are met, the seat may continue to be used. If any one is not, replace the seat. Insurance typically covers replacement under the property damage portion of an auto policy. Save the damaged seat for evidence if your child was injured.
How does an improperly installed car seat affect a personal injury claim?
It can. Defense insurers will argue that incorrect installation was a contributing cause to a child's injury, reducing the recovery under comparative fault principles. Documentation that the seat was installation-checked by a certified CPST, combined with a clean post-crash inspection report, eliminates this argument.
What if my child was injured in another driver's car while I was not present?
Your no-fault PIP benefits follow your child regardless of which vehicle they were in. The at-fault driver's liability insurance covers third-party damages above the no-fault threshold. The legal responsibility for the child restraint at the time of the crash rests with the driver of the vehicle the child was in.
If I followed all the laws and my child is still injured, do I have a case?
Quite likely yes, if another driver was at fault. A properly restrained child in a Michigan crash who suffers a serious impairment of body function has a clean third-party liability case against the at-fault driver, with PIP benefits paying medical expenses regardless of fault. The cleaner the restraint compliance, the cleaner the legal case.
If Your Child Has Been Injured in a Michigan Crash
Cases involving injured children are among the most consequential in our practice. The medical care needs are long-term. Hidden injuries — particularly traumatic brain injuries and spinal injuries — may not be apparent for weeks or months. Pediatric injury valuation requires specialized expertise that most general personal injury attorneys do not have.
Koussan Law accepts Michigan pediatric injury cases on contingency. You pay nothing unless we recover. We have secured a $14.95M jury verdict against Pontiac General Hospital and a $6 million slip-and-fall settlement; the analytic discipline that produces those results applies equally to pediatric crash cases. If your child has been injured in a Michigan motor vehicle crash, call (313) 800-0000 for a free consultation, request a consultation online, or use our free case calculator.
Related Resources
- Auto Accident
- Birth Injuries
- Child's Rights Violations
- Michigan No-Fault PIP Claims
- Detroit Car Accident Lawyer: The Complete 2026 Guide
- Michigan No-Fault Insurance Explained
- Michigan Personal Injury Statute of Limitations
- Average Settlement for a Car Accident in Michigan
This article is for general informational purposes and is not legal advice. Reading this article does not create an attorney-client relationship with Koussan Law. Past results do not guarantee future outcomes. The information about Michigan car seat law reflects MCL § 257.710d as amended by Public Act 21 of 2024, effective April 2, 2025, and current as of the date of last update. Verify current requirements with the Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning before relying on this article for legal compliance.
